Hafnium exhibits a marked tendency to gall and work harden. Na reira, teitei ake i nga waahi o te waatea ki nga taputapu e hiahiatia ana kia uru ki te papa o mua i whakapakeketia ai te tinana kia tapahia he maramara akoranga ma. He hua pai ka taea te tango mai me te karorida cimenta me nga taputapu tere tere. Heoi, ma te nuinga o te wa e hua ake te pai ake o te mahi a te karbida ciment. Hafnium machine’s to an excellent finish due to the hafnium properties, and the operation requires somewhat little horsepower compared with that of alloy steel. Kaua nga maramara pai e whakaae ki te kohikohi ki runga ranei i nga taputapu miihini na te mea ka ngawari te mura. Me tango tonu nga maramara me te penapena, ko te mea pai i raro i te wai i nga waahi tuuturu me nga waahi tuatea e matara atu ana mai i te waahi whakaputa.
Mira:
He pai nga hua o te papa poutū me te papa mira papaa. Wherever possible hafnium should be climb milled to penetrate the work at the maximum approach angle and depth of cut while emerging through the work hardened area. Ko nga mata me nga tapa o nga kaitapahi mira kia kpt tino koi. Ma te huinga tapahi herringbone e whakaae kia whai hua nga kokonga rake o te toki i nga taha e rua o te wa whakataa. Ko te otinga mata tino pai rawa atu me te oranga o te taputapu ka whakawhiwhia ki te papa o te taputapu me te pai o te 12 ° ki te 15 ° rakei radial me te tapahi. Me whakamahi ano he putorino korere teitei. Me waipuke te mahi, ka rehu ranei ki te parani hei horoi rawa i nga kongakonga katoa mai i te taputapu. Ka uru te kuhu ki roto .005 ki .010 inihi mo ia niho i 150 ki 250 SFPM. Ka ngongo te mahi 10 ōrau o te kaha tapahi me nga kaitapahi koi. Ko te Hafnium anake e hiahia ana 75 percenct of the horsepower required for SAE 1020 CR maitai.
Te huri:
The grinding methods used for hafnium involve standard grinding machine equipment. The grinding characteristics of hafnium is similar to those of other metals, ka taea te whakamahi i te wira me te huri huri i te whitiki. Ko te whakamahinga o te hinu huri tika, o te miihini hinu ranei, ka pai ake te oti me nga hua teitei ake; ka aukati ano hoki enei matū i te mura o te uwhi huri maroke. Ka taea te whakamahi i nga tere hurihuri me nga whangai. Ka taea te whakamahi i te waikura konupora me te waikura konumohe hei abrasives, engari he pai ake te pai o nga hua o te silicon carbide.
Te huri wira:
Hafnium produces a white stream of sparks. He pai nga tere tere me nga whangai he pai ake te hua o te silicon carbide i te konumohe waikura. I te maama o te whangai me te tere tere o te wira, ka hua ake nga ōwehenga huri teitei. I te taumaha rawa o te whangai me te tere tere o te wira, ka mahia nga ōwehenga huri raro. Ko nga otinga i hangaia e pa ana ki te ōwehenga huri. Nga ōwehenga huri teitei, te tikanga he iti ake te pakaru o te wira, whakaputa mutunga pai. Ko te hua o te huri i te waipiro ki te hafnium he rite ki etahi atu konganuku. Ko nga hinu huri tika e whakaputa ana i nga tatauranga huri teitei ake i te wai e kore e inu wai i nga whangai katoa.
Te huri i te whitiki:
Belt Speed and contact wheel selection are two primary considerations when grinding hafnium. Ko te tere o te whitiki kua whakaarohia 2,000 ki 3,000 SFPM i nga nekehanga huri iti me 50 rauemi paraoa me te makahiiri, me 2,500 ki 3,500 SFPM me 60 grit me nga whitiki pai me te pehanga mahi rite. I nga pehanga huri teitei, 2,500 ki 3,500 SFPM are recommeded with 50 Tuhinga ka whai mai 3,000 ki 4,000 SFPM me 60 grit me te pai.
Ko nga wira whakapā kia pakeke ake, kia kaha hoki. Ko nga kaiwhakangungu hinu rewa anake, ka konatunatua ranei ki te wai ka whakamahia ki te waipuke ka taunakitia. Ka taea te whakamahi i nga papanga rei ki te hinu me te wira whakapiri rapa i runga i nga mahi orooro whanui. Momo Hanga Ahumahi Resin 3 Momo ranei 6 e taunakitia ana kia whakamahia ki te hinu i nga mahi huri e whakamahia ai nga nekehanga huri teitei. Waihoki, he waikawa waikawa silicon hei kakahu maama me te waikura konumohe mo te mahi taumaha kia kaha te whakamahi me te hinu wairewa me nga waikuruwai wai.
Welding:
Hafnium has better weldability than some more common construction materials, engari me whai i nga whakahaere tika. Ko te whakangungu tika mai i te hau me nga inder inert penei i te argon or helium he mea nui ina hono ana i enei konganuku. Because of the reactivity of hafnium to most gases at welding temeratures, ma te kore he whakangungu tika ka uru te ngongo o te oxygen, hauwai me te hauota mai i te haurangi, ka awhi i te paiherehere. Hafnium is most commonly welded by the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) tikanga. Other welding methods used for these material include gas metal arc welding (GMAW), hononga piauau plasma, paiherea kurupae irahiko me te maitai aukati.
Hafnium metal has low coefficients of thermal expansion and thus experience little distortion during welding. Ko nga whakauru kaore i te nuinga o te wa he raru kei roto i nga mea pai no te mea he kaha te wairewa o enei konganuku mo a raatau ake waikura, a na te mea kaore he rerenga e whakamahia ana mo te hono maitai, kua whakakorea te mahanga o te wai. Hafnium has a low modulus of elasticity; no reira, toenga taumahatanga he iti i roto i te Weld oti. Heoi, ko te awhina i enei awhi kua kitea he painga. Te mahana-whakamamae-mahana 550 ° (1020° F) me whakamahi mo te hafnium.
Hanfium is subject to severe embrittlement by relatively minute amounts of impurities, ina koa hauota, hāora, waro, me te hauwai. He tino hononga ki a raatau mo enei waahanga i te mahana o te hononga. Na tenei hononga nui mo nga mea haurehu, me paiherea te hafnium ma te whakamahi i nga waahanga whakarewa arc me nga hau paruru inert, penei i te argon or helium, kia paiherea ranei ki te koromamao.
The most common techniques used for welding hafnium is the inert gas GTAW and GMAW methods. Ka taea te whakarite i enei taputapu me te whakamahi i roto i te aratau arai aunoa ranei. Ka taea te whakamahi i tenei waa mo te peneini pana arc tungsten. Straight polarity is preferred for welding with a consumable electode filler wire because this results in a more stable arc.
(Pukapuka Rino)
Whakapaa Hafnium suppliers, Koha Aeto, for information on ordering and additional details on Hafnium uses.
