Hafnium exhibits a marked tendency to gall and work harden. O le mea lea, maualuga atu nai lo masani kilia kiligi i mea faigaluega e manaʻomia e ati ai le muamua galue faʻamaʻaʻa luga ma tipi se mama vasega malamala. Lelei iʻuga mafai ona maua i uma sima karbida sima ma maualuga televave mea faigaluega. Peitai, o le karbida sima faʻateleina maua ai se sili maeʻaeʻa ma maualuga gaosiga. Hafnium machine’s to an excellent finish due to the hafnium properties, and the operation requires somewhat little horsepower compared with that of alloy steel. Lelei chips e le tatau ona faʻatagaina e faʻaputuputu i luga pe latalata i masini masini ona e mafai ona faʻafaigofie ona mumu. O chips na tatau ona aveʻesea pea ma teu, sili i lalo o le vai i nofoaga tu mamao ma tu mamao ese e mamao ese mai le gaosiga nofoaga.
Viliina:
Uma tūsaʻo foliga ma faʻasolosolo olo olo olo lelei iʻuga. Wherever possible hafnium should be climb milled to penetrate the work at the maximum approach angle and depth of cut while emerging through the work hardened area. O foliga ma pito o mea olo tipi e tatau ona kpt matua maʻai. O se seti o le herringbone tipi o le a faʻatagaina lelei axial rake angles e aoga i itu uma o le malologa. Sili maualuga luga maeʻa ma mea faigaluega ola e maua pe a o le mea faigaluega o le eleele ma le lelei 12 ° i le 15 ° susulu rake faʻatasi ma le tipiina tulimanu. E tatau foi ona faʻaaogaina se fagufagu maualuga. O le galuega e tatau ona lolovaia pe faʻapipiʻia foʻi ma se mea e faʻamago ai e fufulu uma ese ai chips mai le mea faigaluega. O le ofi e mafai ona amata mai .005 i le .010 inisi i le nifo ile 150 i le 250 SFPM. E mitiia e le galuega 10 pasene o le tipi malosi ma maʻai tipi. Hafnium manaomia na o le 75 percenct of the horsepower required for SAE 1020 Uamea CR.
Olo:
The grinding methods used for hafnium involve standard grinding machine equipment. The grinding characteristics of hafnium is similar to those of other metals, ma uili ma fusipau olo mafai ona faʻaaogaina. O le faʻaaogaina o le olo olo saʻo poʻo le suauʻu oona e faʻauma ai le sili atu ona lelei ma maualuga fua; o nei vailaʻau puipuia foʻi le faʻamoeina o le mago olo olo. Masani olo olo ma fafaga mafai ona faʻaaogaina. Uma silicon karbida ma alumini oxide mafai ona faʻaaogaina o abrasives, ae o le silicon carbide e masani ona maua ai faʻaiuga sili atu.
Olo olo:
Hafnium produces a white stream of sparks. Ole saosaoa faʻavaʻa ma fafagaina e faʻamalieina ma ole silicon carbide e masani ona maua ai faʻaiuga lelei nai lo ole aluminium oxide. I moli i fafaga ma lemu uili saoasaoa, maualuluga olo oloʻo faia. I mamafa i fafaga ma telegese uili saosaoa, maualalo vae oloʻo faia. O faʻamaeʻaina na gaosia e fesoʻotaʻi ma olo olo. Fua faatatau olo maualuga, o lona uiga laʻititi le paʻu uili, maua maeʻa maeʻa. O le aʻafiaga o le oloina o le suavai i luga o hafnium e tutusa lava ma isi metala. Suauu olo saʻo e maua ai fua maualuga olo nai lo le suavai miscible vai i uma i fafaga.
Olo fusipau:
Belt Speed and contact wheel selection are two primary considerations when grinding hafnium. Fautuaina le saoasaoa fusi e 2,000 i le 3,000 SFPM i lalo maualalo oomi olo ma 50 grit ma coarser mea, ma 2,500 i le 3,500 SFPM ma 60 fusipala ma mimita fusi ma tutusa galuega mamafa. I maualuga uunaiga olo, 2,500 i le 3,500 SFPM are recommeded with 50 grit ma coarser ma 3,000 i le 4,000 SFPM ma 60 talatala ma sili atu ona lelei.
Faʻafesoʻotaʻi uili tatau ona fai si faigata ma malosi. Na o le pau le mea e faʻamama ai le suauʻu, pe faʻafefiloi ma le vai ma faʻaogaina i totonu o se lolo ua fautuaina. Resin abrasive ie mafai ona faʻaaogaina ma le suauʻu ma paʻu faʻafesoʻotaʻi paʻu i luga o faʻalautelega galuega. Resin Alamanuia ie Ituaiga 3 poʻo le Ituaiga 6 e fautuaina mo le faʻaaogaina ma le suauʻu i le oloina o gaioiga o loʻo maualuga ai le oloina o faʻatonuga. Faʻapena foi, carbonide silicon ie e le susu mo le malamalama galuega ma alumini okesene mo mamafa galuega mafai ona lelei faʻaaogaina ma soluble suauʻu ma vai coolants.
Ueloina:
Hafnium has better weldability than some more common construction materials, aiaia o loʻo mulimulitaʻi le faiga saʻo. O le puipuia lelei mai le 'eleʻele ma gase inert e pei ole argon poʻo le helium e taua tele pe a faʻamauina nei metala. Because of the reactivity of hafnium to most gases at welding temeratures, uelo e aunoa ma le puipuia lelei o le a faʻatagaina ai le mitiia o le okesene, hydrogen ma nitrogen mai le ea ma faʻapipiʻi ai le uaea. Hafnium is most commonly welded by the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) metotia. Other welding methods used for these material include gas metal arc welding (GMAW), maopoopo uaea plasma, uelo uila uʻamea ma tetee tetee.
Hafnium metal has low coefficients of thermal expansion and thus experience little distortion during welding. O faʻamatalaga e le masani ai ose faʻafitauli ile mea uʻamea aua o nei metala e maualuga le solubility mo a latou lava vailaʻau, ma talu ai e leai ni fluks e faʻaaogaina i le faʻau, flux entrapment ua soloia. Hafnium has a low modulus of elasticity; o lea, totoe popolega e maualalo i le maeʻa maeʻa. Peitai, faamamafa faamama avega o nei uelo ua maua e aoga. O le faʻamamaina-faʻamalolo vevela o 550 ° (1020° F) tatau ona faʻaaoga mo hafnium.
Hanfium is subject to severe embrittlement by relatively minute amounts of impurities, aemaise nitrogen, okesene, kaponi, ma hydrogen. Latou i ai se maualuga vavalalata mo nei elemeni i le vevela vevela. Ona o lenei maualuga vavalalata mo kasa elemene, o le hafnium e tatau ona ufiufiina e faʻaogaina ai le faʻagasologa o uelo faʻatasi ma le puipuia o kasa, pei ole argon poʻo le helium, pe ueloina i totonu o se lagona gaogao.
The most common techniques used for welding hafnium is the inert gas GTAW and GMAW methods. Lenei masini mafai ona faʻatuina ma faʻaaogaina i le tusi lesona pe otometi maopoopo auala. Faʻafesuiaʻi taimi nei mafai ona faʻaaogaina mo kasa tungsten arc maopoopo. Straight polarity is preferred for welding with a consumable electode filler wire because this results in a more stable arc.
(Tusitaulima uʻamea)
Faʻafesoʻotaʻi Hafnium suppliers, Faʻamau o Aeto, for information on ordering and additional details on Hafnium uses.
