Hafnium exhibits a marked tendency to gall and work harden. Ko ia ai, ʻoku maʻolunga ange ia ʻi he ngaahi mafihunga angamaheni ʻi he ngaahi meʻangaue ke hu ki he ngaue kimuʻa pea kosi ha ngaahi pinati ʻo e kalasi maʻa. ʻE lava ke maʻu ʻa e ngaahi ola lelei ʻaki ʻa e carbide mo e ngaahi meʻangaue ʻoku vave hono fakamalohia. Ka neongo ia, ʻoku faʻa ʻomi ʻe he carbide toe fakamalohia ha fakasanisani lelei ange mo ha ola ʻoku maʻolunga ange. Hafnium machine’s to an excellent finish due to the hafnium properties, and the operation requires somewhat little horsepower compared with that of alloy steel. ʻOku ʻikai totonu ke fakangofua ʻa e toli lelei ke tanaki pe ofi ki he meʻangaue machining koeʻuhi he ʻe faingofua pe ʻenau tuʻu. ʻOku totonu ke toʻo mo tauhi maʻu pe ʻa e toli, ko e lelei tahá ʻi lalo ʻi he vaí ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu mamaʻo mo mamaʻo ʻa ia ʻoku mamaʻo ʻaupito mei he feituʻu naʻe ngaohi mei aí.
Ngaohi ʻo e meʻa ngaohiʻanga me:
ʻOku fakatou ʻomi ʻe he fofonga ki ʻolunga mo e slab milling ha ngaahi ola lelei. Wherever possible hafnium should be climb milled to penetrate the work at the maximum approach angle and depth of cut while emerging through the work hardened area. ʻOku totonu ke kpt masila ʻaupito ʻa e fofonga mo e ngaahi tapa ʻo milling cutters. ʻE fakaʻata ʻe ha seti herringbone cutters ʻa e lelei axial Leiki ngaahi mafihunga ke ola lelei ʻi he ongo tafaʻaki fakatouʻosi ʻo ha malolo siʻi. ʻOku maʻu ʻa e tokolahi ʻo e ngaahi meʻangaue ki he fakasanisani mo e meʻangaue ʻi he taimi ʻoku kelekele ai ʻa e meʻangaue ʻaki ha 12 ° ki he 15 ° radial Leiki fakataha mo e tuliki kosi. ʻOku totonu foki ke ngāue ʻaki ʻa e fuluta ʻoku māʻolungá. ʻOku totonu ke tafea pe fana ʻa e ngaue ʻaki ha coolant ke fufulu kakato ʻa e toli kotoa pe mei he meʻangaue. ʻE lava ke kehekehe ʻa e kemikale mei he .005 ke .010 ʻinisi ʻe taha ki he nifo ʻi he 150 ke 250 SFPM. ʻOku mahino ʻa e ngaue fekauʻaki mo 10 peseti ʻe taha ʻo e ivi kosi ʻaki ha cutters masila. ʻOku fie maʻu pe ʻe hafnium 75 percenct of the horsepower required for SAE 1020 CR ukamea.
ʻOku fekauʻaki:
The grinding methods used for hafnium involve standard grinding machine equipment. The grinding characteristics of hafnium is similar to those of other metals, pea ʻe lava ke fakatou fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e veʻeteka mo e leta. ʻOku ʻomi ʻe hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e lolo hangatonu pe lolo coolant ha fakasanisani lelei ange mo ha meʻa ʻoku maʻolunga ange; ʻoku taʻofi foki ʻe he ngaahi meʻa ko ʻení ʻa e ʻasi mai ʻa e swarf mōmoá. ʻE lava ke fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e talangofuaʻa mo e fafanga angamaheni. ʻE lava ke fakatou fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e Silikoni carbide mo e ʻalaminiume oxide ko abrasives, ka ʻoku ʻomi ʻe silikoni carbide ha ngaahi ola lelei ange.
Veʻeteka fakamamahi:
Hafnium produces a white stream of sparks. ʻOku fakafiemalie ʻa e talangofuaʻa angamaheni mo e fafanga carbide pea ʻoku faʻa ʻomi ʻe he Silikoni carbide ha ngaahi ola lelei ange ʻi he ʻalaminiume oxide. ʻI he mama ʻi hono fafangaʻi mo fakatuaiʻi e veʻeteka talangofuaʻa, ʻoku faʻu ha ratios maʻolunga ange. ʻI he mamafa ange hono fafanga mo tuai e veʻeteka talangofuaʻa, ʻoku faʻu ʻa e ratios maʻulalo ange. ʻOku fekauʻaki ʻa e fakasanisani kuo faʻu mo e ratios. Ratios maʻolunga ange, ʻa ia ko hono ʻuhinga ko e siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e movete, ngaohi ha ngaahi fakasanisani ʻoku lelei angé. ʻOku tatau pe ʻa e ola ʻo e lolo ʻi he hafnium mo e ngaahi ukamea kehe. ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he lolo kula hangatonu ha ratios maʻolunga ange ʻi he vai ʻoku ʻikai lava ke fluids ʻi hono fafanga kotoa.
Leta ko e fakamamahi:
Belt Speed and contact wheel selection are two primary considerations when grinding hafnium. Ko e talangofuaʻa ʻoku fokotuʻu atu ko e 2,000 ke 3,000 SFPM ʻi he ngaahi malohi ʻoku siʻisiʻi hono fai ʻaki e 50 ngaahi meʻa ʻoku petepete mo ʻulungāanga koví, mo e 2,500 ke 3,500 SFPM mo e 60 leta petepete mo e leta lelei ange ʻaki e mālohi tatau ʻo e ngāué. ʻI he ngaahi malohi ʻo e faingataʻa, 2,500 ke 3,500 SFPM are recommeded with 50 loto-toʻa mo taʻe-feʻunga mo 3,000 ke 4,000 SFPM mo e 60 petepete mo e lelei ange.
ʻOku totonu ke fuʻu faingataʻa mo houtamaki ʻa e ngaahi veʻeteka fetuʻutakí. Soluble lolo coolants toko taha pe, pe tuifio mo e vaí pea fakaʻaongaʻi ʻi ha tāfea ʻoku fokotuʻu atu. ʻE lava ke fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e kofu abrasive huhuʻa ʻaki ʻa e lolo mo e ulapapeni fetuʻutaki ʻi he ngaahi ngaue fakangingila fakalukufua. Faʻahinga ʻo e vala fakafuo lalahi 3 pe Faʻahingá 6 ʻoku fakaongoongoleleiʻi atu ke fakaʻaongaʻi ʻaki e loló ʻi he ngaahi tafa ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ai e ngaahi mālohi ʻoku lahi hono fakahokó. Meimei tatau pē, Silikoni ʻa e tupenu ki he ngaue mama mo e ʻalaminiume oxide ki he ngaue mamafa, ʻe lava ke fakaʻaongaʻi lelei ia ʻaki ha lolo soluble mo ha vai coolants.
Hokoʻanga Mālohí:
Hafnium has better weldability than some more common construction materials, kapau ʻoku muimui ki he founga totonú. ʻOku fuʻu mahuʻinga ʻaupito ʻa e shielding totonu mei he ʻea mo inert gasses hange ko e ʻaʻa pe kasa ʻi he taimi ʻoku hoko ai ʻa e ngaahi ukamea ko ʻeni. Because of the reactivity of hafnium to most gases at welding temeratures, ʻe hanga ʻe he hono fakatahaʻi ʻo ʻikai shielding totonu ʻo fakaʻata ʻa e absorption ʻo e ʻosikena, fakapaaki ʻo e mo e nitrogen mei he ʻatakai pea embrittle ai ʻa e weld. Hafnium is most commonly welded by the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) founga. Other welding methods used for these material include gas metal arc welding (GMAW), plasma arc) hokoʻanga, ko e mālohi ʻo e ʻakaú mo e fakafepaki mālohí.
Hafnium metal has low coefficients of thermal expansion and thus experience little distortion during welding. ʻOku ʻikai faʻa hoko ʻa e inclusions ko ha palopalema ʻi he hokoʻanga koeʻuhi he ʻoku maʻu ʻe he ngaahi ukamea ko ʻeni ha fakaʻeiʻeiki maʻolunga ki heʻenau oxides, pea koeʻuhí ʻoku ʻikai fakaʻaongaʻi ha ngaahi meʻa ia ʻoku ʻikai ke faʻa hoko ai ha meʻa,, toʻo atu ʻa e ʻefihia flux. Hafnium has a low modulus of elasticity; ko ia, ʻoku siʻisiʻi ʻa e ngaahi mafasia ʻo e tolú ʻi ha cochineal. Ka neongo ia, fakamamafaʻi hono fakafiemālieʻi ʻo e ngaahi hokoʻanga ko ʻení kuo ʻiloʻi ʻoku ʻaonga. Ko ha mafana ʻo e loto mafasia ʻo e 550 ° (1020°F) totonu ke fakaʻaongaʻi ki he hafnium.
Hanfium is subject to severe embrittlement by relatively minute amounts of impurities, tautautefito ki nitrogen, ʻokisikena, kaponi, mo e fakapaaki ʻo e ʻo e mo. ʻOku nau maʻu ha ʻofa lahi ki he ngaahi ʻelemēniti ko ʻení ʻi he māfana ʻo e ʻeá. Koeʻuhi ko e ʻofa maʻolunga ko ʻeni ki he ngaahi ʻelemeniti gaseous, kuo pau ke fakatahaʻi ʻa e hafnium ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi founga arc) mo inert shielding ngaahi kasa, hangē ko e ʻēsiá (argon) pe kasa (helium), pe fakatahaʻi ʻi ha vekiume.
The most common techniques used for welding hafnium is the inert gas GTAW and GMAW methods. ʻE lava ke fokotuʻutuʻu mo fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e meʻangāue ko ʻení ʻi he tohi lēsoní pe ngaahi founga hono fakatahaʻi fakahangatonú. ʻE lava ke fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ʻau fetongitongi ki he kasa tungsten Arc). Straight polarity is preferred for welding with a consumable electode filler wire because this results in a more stable arc.
(Tohi Tuʻutuʻuni ʻo e Ukamea)
Tokotaha Fetuʻutak Hafnium suppliers, ʻIkale alloys, for information on ordering and additional details on Hafnium uses.
